Procedure Text

Procedure text is a text to describe how to make or doing something

Generic Structure of Procedure Text:

1. Goal/Aim (Tujuan)

2. Materials (Bahan-bahan)

3. Steps/Methods (Langkah-langkah)

Example procedure text  about how to make something:

The Procedure of Making Meatballs

 ingredients :

• 1 kilo of very fine minced meat (preferably beef)
• 2 eggs
• 300 grams of tapioca-flour
• 4-8 cloves of garlic
• 1 red onion
• 1 teaspoon of white pepper
• 2 teaspoons of salt

Steps :

• First of all,mix garlic, red onion, salt, and white pepper in a mortar or mixer.
• Second step, mix the spice-mixture with the eggs, the tapioca-flour and the minced meat.
• After that, use your fingers, add a cup of water, and keep on working until the mixture feels soft and smooth.
• Then, boil some water in a rather large pot, at least about 2 liters.
• Next step, start rolling the mixture into small meatballs.
• Finally, lower the meatballs into the boiling water. When they float up to the surface the meatball are ready to serve.

Present Tense

 

FORM

[VERB] + s/es in third person

Examples:

• You speak English.
• Do you speak English?
• You do not speak English.

Complete List of Simple Present Forms

USE 1 Repeated Actions

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.

Examples:

• I play tennis.
• She does not play tennis.
• Does he play tennis?
• The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
• The train does not leave at 9 AM.
• When does the train usually leave?
• She always forgets her purse.
• He never forgets his wallet.
• Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
• Does the Sun circle the Earth?

USE 2 Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.

Examples:

• Cats like milk.
• Birds do not like milk.
• Do pigs like milk?
• California is in America.
• California is not in the United Kingdom.
• Windows are made of glass.
• Windows are not made of wood.
• New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.

USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.

Examples:

• The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
• The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
• When do we board the plane?
• The party starts at 8 o'clock.
• When does class begin tomorrow?

USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs.

Examples:

• I am here now.
• She is not here now.
• He needs help right now.
• He does not need help now.
• He has his passport in his hand.
• Do you have your passport with you?

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You only speak English.
• Do you only speak English?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• Once a week, Tom cleans the car. Active
• Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. Passive

Vocabulary (Part Of Body & Shapes)

 

SHAPES Simple Straight sided shapes
Rectangle
Square
Triangle

Simple Rounded shapes
Circle
Oval
3D shapes
Cone
Cube
Cylinder
Pyramid
Sphere

Mathematical shapes
Parallelogram
Pentagon – 5 sides
Octagon – 8 sides

Miscellaneous shapes
Diamond
Heart


There are several kinds of shapes you will learn in elementary school; this page will provide you with the names and examples of each one.

Circle

A round shape, drawn like this:

Triangle

A shape with three sides. Sometimes the sides are equal—sometimes they aren’t. Their names are sometimes different depending on the length of the sides. We will show you the common ones:

Equilateral triangle—this triangle has 3 equal sides.
Isosceles triangle—this triangle has 2 equal sides.
Scalene triangle—this triangle has no equal sides.

Square

A box shape, with four equal sides—opposite sides are parallel, drawn like this:

Parallel means non-intersecting. For example, parallel lines means that if the two lines kept going forever, they would never cross over each other—they would always be an equal distance apart.

Rectangle

Another box shape, with two sets of equal sides. Equal sides are opposite each other. The sides are parallel to each other. It’s drawn like this:

Trapezoid

Another 4 sided shape, with one set of parallel lines (the other set of lines is not parallel), drawn like this:

Pentagon

A shape with five sides. They can be drawn many different ways, but these are the most common:

The pentagon on the left is known as a regular pentagon, because all of its sides are the same length. The one on the right is also a commonly known pentagon, shaped like a house.

Hexagon

A shape with six sides, drawn like this:

Heptagon

A shape with seven sides, drawn like this:

Octagon

A shape with eight sides, drawn like this:

You’ll notice that the octagon is the shape they use for stop signs.

Nonagon

A shape with nine sides, drawn like this:

Decagon

A shape with 10 sides, drawn like this:

Dodecagon

A shape with 12 sides, drawn like this:

Polygons

All of these shapes are polygons. A polygon is a shape made of lines that could be colored in (all the lines meet and it has a “middle”).
Most of what you will be asked to do with these shapes is recognize them and draw them, so memorize how many sides they have, what they look like, etc. Other things may include calculating the area and/or perimeter of these shapes. If you’re trying to find area or perimeter, read our page on Area and Perimeter.

PART OF BODY

shoulder (s) = bahu
neck = leher
arm (s) = lengan
chest = dada
hand = tangan
knee = lutut
leg = kaki (dari pangkal paha ke bawah)
foot = kaki
2 feet = 2 kaki
stomach =  perut
nipple = puting
navel = pusar
throat = tenggorokan

head = kepala
elbow (s) = siku
back = punggung
bottom = pantat 
thigh (s) = paha
calf/ calves = betis
heel(s) = tumit

ankle(s) = mata kaki
toe nail(s) = kuku jari kaki
big toe(s) = ibu jari kaki
little toe(s) = jari kelingking kaki
heel(s) = tumit

finger(s) = jari-jari tangan
finger nail(s) = kuku jari-jari tangan
little finger(s) = jari kelingking
ring finger(s) = jari manis
index finger(s) = telunjuk
middle finger(s) = jari tengah
knuckle(s) = tulang buku jari/buku jari
wrist(s) = pergelangan tangan.

 

Present Perfect Tense

 

Formula:

(+) S + have/has + V3

(-)  S + have/sas Not + V3

(?) Have/has + S + V3 + ?

Here are some examples of the present perfect tense:

subject	auxiliary verb		main verb
+	I	have		seen	ET.
+	You	have		eaten	mine.
-	She	has	not	been	to Rome.
-	We	have	not	played	football.
?	Have	you		finished?
?	Have	they		done	it?

When we use the present perfect tense in speaking, we usually contract the subject and auxiliary verb. We also sometimes do this when we write.

I have	I’ve
You have	You’ve
He has She has It has John has The car has	He’s She’s It’s John’s The car’s
We have	We’ve
They have	They’ve

They’ve

Past Tense and Past Contiunous Tense

Simple Past

[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs

Examples:

• You called Debbie.
• Did you call Debbie?
• You did not call Debbie.

Complete List of Simple Past Forms

USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

Examples:

• I saw a movie yesterday.
• I didn't see a play yesterday.
• Last year, I traveled to Japan.
• Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
• Did you have dinner last night?
• She washed her car.
• He didn't wash his car.

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

Examples:

• I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
• He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
• Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

USE 3 Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.

Examples:

• I lived in Brazil for two years.
• Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
• They sat at the beach all day.
• They did not stay at the party the entire time.
• We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
• A: How long did you wait for them?
  B: We waited for one hour.

USE 4 Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.

Examples:

• I studied French when I was a child.
• He played the violin.
• He didn't play the piano.
• Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
• She worked at the movie theater after school.
• They never went to school, they always skipped class.

USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."

Examples:

• She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
• He didn't like tomatoes before.
• Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
• People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.

Examples:

• When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.
• She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.

When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar.

Example:

• I paid her one dollar when she answered my question.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

• You just called Debbie.
• Did you just call Debbie?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

• Tom repaired the car. Active

• The car was repaired by Tom. Passive 

 

Continuous Tenses

The continuous tenses (incomplete tenses) include:

• Present Continuous ("I am choosing")
• Past Continuous ("I was choosing")
• Future Continuous ("I will be choosing")

They are formed with the progressive (continuous) aspect.
This aspect indicates that an action or state, past, present, or future, was, is or will be unfinished at the time referred to.
The continuous aspect is formed by the auxiliary verb "to be" and the -ing form (the present participle).

Continuous + perfect

If we combine the continuous and perfect tenses, we get:

• Present Perfect Continuous ("I have been choosing")
• Past Perfect Continuous ("I had been choosing")
• Future Perfect Continuous ("I will have been choosing")

Recount Text

Function of Recount Text:

Recount text’s function is to tell about past events.

Parts (Generic Structure) of Recount Text:

1.      Orientation

Orientation tells the readers who was involved in the story, what happened, where the story took place and when it happened.

2.      A series of Events

A series of events tell the sequence of events. These events are described in a chronological order.

3.      Reorientation

Reorientation tells the summarizes the event.

Characteristics of Recount Text:

·         Use simple past tense.

Formula:

+ Subject + Verb 2/Verb past + object/complement

- Subject + did not + Verb 1/Verb base + object/complement

? Did + Subject + Verb 1/verb base + object/complement + ?

·         Always started by past adverbial of time

Examples:

-Two weeks ago,

-Last week,

-Last holiday,

-Yesterday,

-One day,

-Nine years ago, etc.

Example 1:

Barbecue in The Park

            Last Sunday, we want to the park. David’s family invited us to a barbecue party in the park. We lived nearby so we just walked there.

            When we got the park, there were not many people yet. David’s family was already there. They arrived there early to get the best picnic spot withn an electronic barbecue grill nearby. When I arrived, they were cleaning the barbecue. They made sure the barbecue was clean. When it was clean, they turned the barbecue on by pushing the button. The electric stove turned on and the metal plate became hot.

            David’s mother put some cooking oil on the metal plate, and after that put some sausages, beef steaks, and some onions on the barbecue. Meanwhile, David’s father was preparing the bread, butter, and the drinks.

            While waiting for the meat to cook, David and I joined our friends playing football. When we got tired, we stopped and enjoyed the sausages, steaks, and some cold softdrinks. The food was delicious. I think David’s mother is one of the best cooks in the world.

Example 2 :

A Trip to Jogyakarta

Yogyakarta is one of famous tourism area in Indonesia. Many tourists, whether they are local or international tourists, like visiting this city and So do I. I had an opportunity to visit Yogyakarta in December 2011. I went to Yogyakarta for three days and two nights with my students. There were around fifty students joining this trip. We left from Tangerang, Banten by a bus. After spending twelve hours in the bus, we arrive in Jatijajar Cave as our first visit on Saturday morning.Jatijajar Cave is located around 21 kilometers from Gombong and 42 kilometers from Kebumen.

In Jatijajar, We had breakfast and then enterred the inside of the cave. In the cave, we enjoyed the statues depicting Raden Kamandaka. Some students took pictures in front of the statues. At around 10 A.M, we left from Jatijajar Cave and went ahead to Kaliurang as our accomodation place.

At around 5 P.M, we arrived in the hotel and all the participants took a rest until evening. After having dinner, around 8 P.M, we had an art performance presented by the students. We invited the students to perform their skills in front of others. The performance was quite exciting because there were sing songs, dance performaces, magic show and jingle competitions. The organizing committe also gave many dorr prizes for participants. It lasted about 3 hours until 11 P.M.

Sunday was the most amazing day for us because we visited some great places; Borobudur Temple, Parangtritis Beach, and  Malioboro Street. Our firstdestination was Borobudur Temple, We all felt excited to visit this world heritage because we had a chance to see the geatest temple in the world. In Borobudur Temple, the students had to interview the native speakers in groups. Besides interviewing the native speakers, the students also took pictures in front of the stupas and many native speakers. 

After enjoying Borobudur temple for almost four hours, we headed to parangtritis. In Parangtritis Beach, the students did some group contest, such as tug of war. All groups seemed enjoy doing the contest. We didn’t stay in the beach for a long time because it was already dawn.

Malioboro Street was our next destination. In this famous street, we had dinner and went shopping. Many students bought T-shirt called Dagadu T-Shirt and famous cakes “bakpia”. Aroung 11 P.M on Sunday, we came back to the hotel for a rest and on Monday Morning we returned to Tangerang.

A Trip to Jogyakarta was an amazing trip for us and we had a lot of nice memories there. We hop that we will have the same trip oneday.

Narrative Text

 

1.      The Purpose of Narrative Text

The purpose of narrative text is to amuse or entertain the readers.

Narratives deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn a resolution.

 

2.      The Generic Structure (Parts) of Narrative Text

There are three parts of narrative text, those are:

1)     Orientation

It sets the scene and introduces the participants of the story.

2)     Complication

It shows when the crisis arises.

3)     Resolution

It shows when the crisis is resolved, for a better or worse condition.

Note:

The structure of narratives occurs in the text variously. A text may have only one complication and resolution, but another text may have more than one complication and resolution.

 

3.      The grammatical features of narratives

There are some grammatical features of narratives, those are:

1)     Use of adjectives to build noun groups to describe the people, animals, or things in the story, such as …. a nice, diligent and kind-hearted man;

2)     Use of time connectives and conjunctions to sequence events through time, such as however, although, later, then;

3)     Use of adverbs and adverbial phrases to locate the particular events, such asonce upon a time, long time ago;

4)     Use of past tenses, such as Aji Saka went to the kingdom, measured the size of the turban ….;

5)     Use of action verbs to indicate the actions, such as fleed, explained, provided, smashed; and

6)     Use of saying and thinking verbs to indicate what characters are feeling, thinking, or saying, such as told, realized, decided.

 

Example of Narrative Text:

 

The Ducks and the Fox

            One day, two ducks walked along the road to go to the lake for their swim. In the middle of the road, they met Mr. Fox. He sat under the tree.

            “Hello, sisters. Where are you going?” asked Mr. Fox.

            “Good morning, Mr. Fox. We are going to the lake over there. We want gto swim. Would you like to join us?” asked the ducks.

            “No, thanks. Do you both come along here every day?” asked Mr. Fox.

            “Yes, we always walk here every morning,” said the ducks.

            “Delicio ….I….I….mean nice to see you both,” said Mr. Fox.

            The next day, the first duck said, “Are we going to swim today? I bet that Mr. Fox is waiting for us and he has a bad plan.”

            “I know. I have a plan for him too,” said the second duck.

            On their way, they met Mr. Fox again.

            “Hello, sisters. Going to swim again?” asked Mr. Fox.

            “Yes, we are. Why don’t you take us to the lake and protect us from bad animals?” said the second duck.

            “Of course. It’s my pleasure,” replied Mr. Fox.

            “This is an easy way to have a free lunch. I have a big bag with me now,” thought Mr. Fox.

            Three of them walked to the lake and sang some songs.

            “When I say run, let’s run fast together,” said the second duck, “Run!!!!”

            They ran so fast and jumped into the lake. Mr. Fox jumped upon them, but he forgot that he could not swim. So, Mr. Fox drowned in the lake. He failed to get his free lunch.